If you’ve been hearing more about PFAS recently, you’re not alone. PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, have been making headlines because of their prevalence and potential health risks. These “forever chemicals” are present in everything from non-stick cookware to water-resistant clothing and food packaging. As research on PFAS continues, scientists are discovering more about the potential health risks associated with exposure. In this article, we’ll break down the health risks of PFAS, how exposure happens, and ways to reduce your risk.

What Are PFAS?

PFAS refers to a group of over 9,000 human-made chemicals widely used since the 1940s for their resistance to heat, water, and oil. This chemical resilience makes PFAS incredibly useful in manufacturing but also means they don’t break down easily. Once they’re in the environment or in our bodies, they tend to stick around — hence the nickname “forever chemicals.”

Because of their durability, PFAS are found in our water, air, soil, and even in the blood of most Americans. Recent studies have raised alarms about the potential health risks of these chemicals, especially as PFAS exposure increases over time.

How Do PFAS Enter the Body?

PFAS can enter the body through various means:

• Drinking Water: One of the most common sources of PFAS exposure is contaminated drinking water. PFAS have been detected in many water supplies across the United States, particularly near manufacturing plants, military bases, and firefighting training sites.
• Food: PFAS can leach into food from certain types of food packaging, especially those made to be grease- and water-resistant, like some fast-food wrappers, microwave popcorn bags, and pizza boxes.
• Household Products: Many everyday items, from non-stick cookware to stain-resistant carpets and water-resistant clothing, may contain PFAS.
• Air and Dust: PFAS can even be found in household dust and air, especially if products in your home contain these chemicals.

With these pathways of exposure, it’s easy to see how PFAS can build up in the body over time. This accumulation, known as “bioaccumulation,” is especially concerning as PFAS exposure has been linked to various health issues.

What Are the Health Risks Associated with PFAS Exposure?

Research on PFAS health risks is ongoing, but there is already significant evidence pointing to several major health concerns. Here are some of the most well-documented health risks associated with PFAS exposure:

1. Increased Cancer Risk

One of the most alarming potential health effects of PFAS exposure is an increased risk of cancer. Studies have linked high levels of exposure to certain types of cancers, such as kidney, testicular, and breast cancer. PFAS may interfere with cell growth regulation, leading to mutations or disruptions in normal cell function that can ultimately lead to cancer.

2. Immune System Suppression

PFAS have been shown to weaken the immune system, potentially making individuals more susceptible to infections. Some studies suggest that PFAS can reduce the body’s response to vaccines, a concerning finding especially in light of the need for robust immune health. This immune suppression effect is one of the more concerning health effects as it can impact people of all ages, including children who rely on vaccines for protection from various diseases.

3. Thyroid Disorders

Thyroid health is another area where PFAS exposure can have a significant impact. PFAS chemicals can disrupt thyroid hormone production, which is essential for regulating metabolism, growth, and energy levels. Imbalances in thyroid hormones can lead to conditions such as hypothyroidism, which can cause fatigue, weight gain, and depression.

4. Reproductive and Developmental Issues

PFAS exposure has also been linked to reproductive and developmental problems, particularly in women and infants. High levels of PFAS can interfere with fertility and may increase the risk of complications during pregnancy. Research has found associations between PFAS exposure and issues like low birth weight, premature births, and developmental delays in children.

5. Liver Damage

PFAS exposure may also lead to liver damage. Studies have shown that PFAS can increase liver enzyme levels, indicating stress or damage to the liver. Over time, this damage may contribute to more serious liver conditions, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has its own risks and health implications.

6. Elevated Cholesterol Levels

Studies have observed a strong link between PFAS exposure and elevated cholesterol levels. This can increase the risk of heart disease and other cardiovascular issues, posing a significant health risk over time, especially in people who already have risk factors for heart disease.

7. Hormonal Disruptions

Many PFAS chemicals can mimic or interfere with hormones in the body. These “endocrine disruptors” can alter hormonal balance, potentially impacting growth, reproduction, and metabolism. Hormonal imbalances can lead to a range of health issues, from early puberty in children to increased risk of certain cancers in adults.

How Can You Reduce Your PFAS Exposure?

While PFAS are unfortunately widespread, there are several ways to limit your exposure and lower potential health risks:

• Filter Your Water: Using a home water filtration system that targets PFAS, such as reverse osmosis or activated carbon filters, can help reduce your exposure through drinking water. Check your local water quality report to see if PFAS has been detected in your area.
• Be Selective with Products: Choose PFAS-free products whenever possible. Look for labels on non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-repellent clothing, and avoid fast-food packaging that may contain PFAS. Many companies now offer PFAS-free alternatives. CleanProductList is a great resource for curated recommendations that help you make safer choices every day.
• Avoid Microwaving Grease-Resistant Packaging: Some food packaging, especially those designed to resist grease, may contain PFAS. Avoid microwaving food in these containers, as heating can cause PFAS to leach into your food.
• Stay Informed: More research and regulations on PFAS are emerging, so staying informed is essential. Organizations like the Environmental Working Group (EWG) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regularly update guidelines and provide resources on PFAS and safe alternatives.

Final Thoughts

The health risks associated with PFAS exposure are a growing concern as these chemicals continue to accumulate in our environment and our bodies. While research is still unfolding, the existing links between PFAS and various health risks are compelling enough to warrant caution. By understanding these risks and taking proactive steps to reduce exposure, you can better protect your health and well-being.

Switching to PFAS-free products, filtering your water, and staying informed are small but impactful ways to minimize your risk. As more companies and policymakers address the dangers of PFAS, the goal is that safer, healthier alternatives will become the norm.